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/// ABOUT THE VIDEO
In this lesson, Professor Fábio LuĂs Pereira discusses liberal thought – also known as liberalism, a political and economic doctrine that is based on limiting the scope of state control and regulations.
Various terms such as liberal thought, liberalism, neoliberalism, for example, are common in discussions about politics and also about economics. Liberal thought, along with its influences and consequences, is present in our daily lives and often we are not even aware of it.
The term liberal, when used in colloquial language, is generally understood as the opposite of someone who holds a more conservative position/view on the subject in question.
In other words, the common understanding of this term stems from its interpretation as a synonym/representation of “more freedom” in relation to something.
Indeed, this interpretation says a lot about the theoretical perspective behind liberal thought, as it is based on specific reflections around freedom and equality.
It is important to highlight that the development of liberal thought coincides with the development of capitalist society itself. This thought emerged and developed from the interests of the bourgeois class, which, in turn, rose with capitalism.
This was a long process. Its beginning occurs from the English Revolutions of the 17th century and also the Industrial Revolution of the 17th century in England, and it is primarily established with the French Revolution of the 18th century.
Considering that these historical milestones establish important changes in the way of understanding and organizing the politics and economy of society. The ideals of the French Revolution: “liberty, equality, and fraternity,” for example, served as a great inspiration for the emergence of the so-called Liberal State.
The Liberal State, also known as the Bourgeois State, emerges as the first manifestation of the modern nation-state and was created as an alternative to the growing absolutism in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.
When we talk about liberalism, we can divide it into two main branches: political liberalism and economic liberalism. However, it is important to keep in mind that these two perspectives are directly related and do not oppose each other.
One of the main thinkers of liberal thought is the English author John Locke, known as the “father” of political liberalism.
Political liberalism is based on the idea that human beings have natural rights such as life, liberty, and property, for example. Thus, the main function of the state is to ensure that individual rights and freedoms are preserved.
Another prominent name regarding liberal thought is Adam Smith, considered the “father” of economic liberalism. Economic liberalism is based on the idea of non-interference of the state in the economic sphere, as it considers that there is an invisible hand that regulates the economy.
In other words, economic activities would self-regulate, especially based on the law of supply and demand (motto: laissez-faire, laissez-passer).
Questions? Leave them in the comments. ;)
⏱ TIMING / TOPICS
00:00 Introduction
00:08 Concept and influences of liberalism
01:50 Characteristics of liberalism
03:12 Main thinkers of liberalism
đź”´ WATCH ALSO
+ MACHIAVELLI, THE MODERN STATE AND ITS CONCEPTUALIZATION
+ JOHN LOCKE AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT (POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY)
+ GLOBALIZATION: NEOLIBERAL ECONOMY AND SOLIDARY ECONOMY
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